Microplastics and Health

Microplastics are an increasingly pervasive environmental and health concern, infiltrating ecosystems, food supplies, and even the human body, with far-reaching consequences for global sustainability and well-being. Plastics are used worldwide, with an estimated annual global output exceeding 460 million tons—yet less than 10% are recycled. Microplastics, small plastic fragments and particles measuring less than 5 mm in diameter, range in size from a few microns to a few millimeters. These particles come in various shapes—cubic, spherical, rod-like—each of which may influence their effects on the body.

Microplastics in the Environment

Microplastics have been detected from the Arctic to Antarctica, on Mount Everest, and deep within the Mariana Trench. They constitute the largest portion of marine garbage, threatening ecosystems worldwide both directly and indirectly. Plastics themselves are increasingly considered one of the most serious environmental challenges of the 21st century.

Human Exposure to Microplastics

Microplastic exposure occurs through:

• Oral intake: Found in food, drinks, food containers, and baby bottle nipples
• Inhalation: Present in air, dust, and worn synthetic materials
• Skin contact: Contained in personal care products and mobile phone cases

Additionally, microplastics have been found within plant water transport systems, where they migrate into roots, stems, leaves, and fruits. Human activities such as washing clothes, worn tires, urban dust, road paint, cleaning products, and maritime transport all contribute to microplastic pollution.

Due to their small size, microplastics are easily ingested or inhaled—and once introduced into the environment, they are virtually impossible to remove because they do not biodegrade. Scientists have detected them in human blood, saliva, liver, kidneys, breast milk, meconium (an infant’s first stool), and the placenta, though research is ongoing to understand how they travel within the body.

Health Effects of Microplastics

Exposure to microplastics has been linked to a wide range of toxic health effects, including:

• Oxidative stress and DNA damage
• Metabolic disorders
• Reproductive and developmental disorders (such as infertility, reduced sperm count and quality, ovarian scarring, and metabolic issues in offspring)
• Liver, intestinal, brain, and airway dysfunctions
• Increased inflammatory and immune responses
• Adverse pregnancy outcomes (such as miscarriage and congenital malformations)

Studies also indicate that plastics contribute to climate change by producing particles and gases that release greenhouse gases and disrupt marine ecosystems, further jeopardizing human and environmental health.

What Can Be Done?

As research into the effects of microplastics continues, many individuals and organizations are exploring solutions, including plastic-eating microorganisms and plastic alternatives. Possible actions include:

• Advocating for reduced plastic manufacturing and increased recycling
• Encouraging hospitals and clinics to adopt sustainable practices
• Recycling plastic medical waste and reducing single-use synthetic textile products

Steps Individuals Can Take

To minimize exposure and reduce plastic pollution, consider adopting these practices:

Reduce Overall Plastic Consumption

• Avoid single-use plastics (choose reusable water bottles, shopping bags, and containers)
• Choose non-plastic alternatives (use glass, stainless steel, or ceramic for food storage)
• Limit seafood consumption (as microplastics accumulate in marine organisms)
• Avoid microbeads in personal care products

Adjust Laundry Practices

• Wash synthetic clothes less frequently (to reduce microplastic shedding)
• Use a microfiber filter or laundry bag (to capture microfibers in the wash)
• Choose natural fibers (such as cotton, wool, or silk)

Improve Food and Drink Choices

• Never microwave food in plastic containers
• Filter tap water
• Opt for tap water instead of bottled water
• Replace plastic tea bags with loose-leaf tea

Optimize Cleaning and Waste Management

• Dust and vacuum frequently (microplastics accumulate in indoor dust—use a HEPA filter)
• Choose eco-friendly cleaning products (such as baking soda or vinegar-based solutions)
• Purchase items designated by the EPA’s Safer Choice Program
• Support policies to curb plastic pollution
• Participate in local cleanup efforts
• Buy products made from recycled ocean plastics

The Role of Government and Consumer Advocacy

Consumers alone cannot solve the microplastic crisis. Government intervention is necessary to regulate chemicals that enter our water, food, and everyday products. Individuals can help by registering to vote and engaging in policy advocacy—small, consistent actions can make a meaningful impact.

Continue Your Education

If you’d like to learn more about microplastics and many other related topics, check out our Certificate in Nutrition, Chronic Disease, and Health Promotion and the Certificate in Wellness and the Environment.